دکتر زهره سرمد author text article 1997 per This paper is designed to provide a general guideline for writing articles based on empirical research. The model described in the paper includes an introduction (background, statement of the problem, questions, hypotheses or specific goals), method (sample, tasks and instruments, design, procedure_ statistical . analysis and measured variables), research findings, discussion and conclusion, references and sources, abstracts, tables, diagrams as well as the title to the article. To illustrate the above mentioned' components, a recently published article in one of the accredited international journals also been" analysed. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 37و38 v. 0 no. 1997 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_14234_4f0cdbfd2ed55407f8c13db7ba8da91f.pdf دکتر علی اکبر فرهنگی author text article 1997 per Pragmatism has recent1y formed the basis for many prevalent manageria1 theories in the West to the extent that it has gradually captured the attention of many theorists in varions discip1ines ranging from bi010gy, psychology, sociology to behaviora1 and management sciences. Phi10sophers such as Char1es S. Peirce, Wi11iam James, John Dewey, C1arence Irving Lewis and George Hebert Mead have proposed and advocated the various aspects of pragmatism which will entail complex meanings 1ike, "Stimulus", "Sense" and "Behavior". The magintude of the practitioners' achievements in the material dimension this philosophy overwhe1ms its intellectual aspect. They have made a great attempt to explain human behavior in society with recourse to Darwinism, evolutionism and survival of the fittest. This philosophy can be identified as the source of modern behaviorism which will indirect1y impact systems and expediency theories as we11. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 37و38 v. 0 no. 1997 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_14235_56a8f986edeed6a7a27e50eaeeb4c52e.pdf دکتر مهرناز شهر آرای author دکتر رضا مدنی پور author text article 1997 per In an era of "knowledge society ", dynamic organizations faced with four. major universal problems; namely, worldwide competition, ever-increasing technological advances, obliteration of boundaries in trade and vast changes in the value systems, have come to rely on creativity and innovation as the only vehicle for survival and development. With this contention and vision, in this paper, following a definition of creativity and innovation, the distinction between creative and noncreative ideas has been considered. It is argued that in an effort to promote creativity in dynamic organizations, facilitating as well as restraining forces should be clearly. identified. ¬ Based on the assumption that the restraining forces include internal (personal) and external factors which impede creativity, a discussion of the major internal and external factors have been presented. In terms of the internal facilitating factors, a number of characterisitics have been described. With regard to promoting creative ideas, attention has been directed towards the characteristics of a creative climate. In the final section of the paper, a number of methods and techniques for generating Creative ideas; including, brainstorming, brainwriting, synectics, and nominal groups have been discussed. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 37و38 v. 0 no. 1997 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_14236_8d2beaa735e5599f44a2d491a7114cc2.pdf دکتر سید ضیاء الدین قاضی زاده فرد author text article 1997 per Today, in the age of information technology, the computer systems have developed so rapidly and revolved the organizational decision making process. The efficiency and effectiveness in the organizations, quality improvement and technical changes, have hence, followed. Many of the developing countries have thus turned to employ information systems towards modernization. Therefore, a better recognition of information and its role in decision making, can serve the managers and information service holders towards an optimized approach. This paper undertakes the task by defining information concepts, cycle, value, characteristics, classification and its varieties. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 37و38 v. 0 no. 1997 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_14237_f86bf12f58b29833706fef535f32c95b.pdf دکتر میر مهدی سید اصفهانی author دکتر سید عباس کاظمی author text article 1997 per Organizational effectiveness has received attention in the organizational analysis literature. Several theorists have suggested that organizational effectiveness is not only a central theme in the practical sphere; it is a central theme in organizational theory as well. In fact, it is difficult to conceive of a theory of organizations that does not include the construct of effectiveness. This research seeks to identify the relationship hetween organizational culture and effectiveness criteria from the viewpoint of organizational theorists and researchers. The question posed was," How do individual theorists and researchers actually think about the relationships between organizational cultue and effectiveness criteria and if these criteria could he organized in multidimensional models or not'!" The focus was on the cognitive structure of the organizational theorists and researchers. In a two- stage study, organizational theorists and researchers made judgements about the similarity and effects of organizational culture criteria on organizational effectiveness criteria. They organized orgainzational culture and effectiveness criteria competing values framework. They believe that development of organizational culture increases organizational effectiveness in effective organizations. This research explains that behavioral criteria have effects on human relations and open system models and structural criteria have more effects on internal process and rational goal models. According to the study organizational culture function was added to the other. organizational functions. Organizational effectiveness models by emphasising on organizational culture criteria have a few advanatages as fol1ows: 1 . Consistency in level of analysis, 2 . Integration of perspectives, 3- Multiplicity of criteria including organizational culture criteria; 4- Relationship between criteria can be investigated, 5- Attention to coalitional, dynamic nature of organizations, 6- Comparison of cross studies, 7- An explicit definition of organizational effectiveness based on organizational culture: "Organizational effectiveness is achieving multiple priorities and goals in a shared value system (Organizational culture) in ways that not only goals are attained in an optimum time period and costs but also satisfy priorities of employees and other stockholders. " دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 37و38 v. 0 no. 1997 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_14238_e233a00d38b25ecc6958442795458fc3.pdf دکتر عبدالحمید ابراهیمی author text article 1997 per Culture imposes a penetrating and changing effect on the national market media. The international marketing managers would have to recognize the culture effects and prepare to respond to , or otherwise, change it. They would play an important and even directive role, in affecting cultural changes, throughout the world. This role is more evident in foods, but contains all the - industries, specially the - industrial products. The soap and detergent producers would change the washing habits; electronic industries, the amusements and the cloth marketing managers, the fashions. As far as the industrial products are concerned, culture affects the characteristics of goods and demands an_ specially the marketing and commercial approaches. The international marketing managers have learned to employ those understanding the domestic habits and trends. In the contemporary world, due to the nationalistic trends leading to national emotions, the commerce is challengeable and faces different rules and problems in the various countries. These should be included and covered in the educational programs and also self reference should be defeated and case studies considered as an approach. This paper, hence, studies the following items: 1- Infrastructure aspects of culture. 2_ Methods analyzing the cultural factors in the international marketing. 3 - Commercial negotiations. .' .' 4- Industrial products in the international marketing. . 5-Consumer goods in the internationalJI1arketing. 6- Nationalism in the international marketing. . . . 7- Cultural complexities between various countries and some . proposed approaches in the international marketing.' دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 37و38 v. 0 no. 1997 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_14239_4ff5fa5dcbb7beb3b0e66f3f41714e0f.pdf نظام الدین فقیه author بابک سهرابی author text article 1997 per This paper innovates, within the context of preventive maintenance planning, the application of Genetic Algorithm, as a modem powerful optimization tool, in minimum downtime strategies, for optimal part replacement. Therefore, a brief account of Genetic Algorithm is given and a computer program is written to aid the solution of such problems by Genetic Algorithm. Then, the program is used to solve a numerical example, concerning an equipment with Gaussian failure characteristics. The results obtained by Genetic Algorithm and the ordinary methods are compared to show that exactly the same results can be approached by the application of 1- Shiraz University GENETIC ALGORITHM IN OPTiMAL Genetic Algorithm. Genetic. Algorithm and maintenance planning, both being subjects of statistical nature, can be combined to provide a vast area of interesting research work and, hence, some guidelines are suggested for further research. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 37و38 v. 0 no. 1997 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_30726_a5077c5a4aaa266ff5670013c50edd4f.pdf