دکتر نظام الدین فقیه author text article 1998 per This paper conducts a research on the fractal growth in dynamic systems and hence explains the change and development . in organized and complex systems. I t is hoped that the pa per paves the way for fractal modelling and analysis applications in the management science. The main focus he re is on, fractal growth and d development phenomena. Furthermore , Self similarity, self affinity, random fractals, Linden Mayer systems, power law and allometric growth are also explained. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 39و40 v. 0 no. 1998 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_15095_3555c06d8ffc82ee20fad6c20ca5ea98.pdf دکتر سید محمد میر کمالی author text article 1998 per The Mental stress phenomenon has increased in societies and organizations during the recent decades and jeopardized the health of people, employees and managers. This article has surveyed the concept and CII uses of and approaches to mental stress. First, Some definition_" have been reviewed, and then the author has presented his definition of mental stress. After showing stress forllu1tion and its stages, stress symptoms have been explained. In this article, the symptoms have been categorized info three major groups of bio1ogica1, l11enta1, and behavioral. One important point, which has been considered in this article, is the relationship between mental stress and organizational performance. The author has tried to explain the relationship between mental stress and decision-making, concentration of thought for collecting information, inclination to leave the organization, the diminishing of motivation, job-satisfaction and morale. The article has come to the conclusion that protracted and severe mental stresses cause disorder and decreae employee's performance in organization. Stressors are the vastest section of the article that has divided stressors into five groups. 1- Individual stressors which include personality type, focus of control, self-concept, and physical illnesses. 2- Job stressors which have been divided into job nature, job ambiguity, role conflict, conflict between roles, job overload or underload and job arrangement policy. 3- Management factors which include management power, management style and personality, and management planning and organizing. 4- Organizational stressors that contain organizational c1imate, ergonomics, rewarding system and organizational structure. 5- External factors which refer to social, economic and technological conditions as well as geographical job changes. The author suggests some approaches to lessen the ll1ental stress at the end of the article: goal orientation, job and resource p1anning and organizing, improvement of organization, atmosphere perception correction, increase of social support, reduction of perfectionism, mental and physiological health, maintenance of logical balance in work, participation of people in job perfofll1ance, maintenance of physically suitable working conditions, use of relaxation techniques, sports and healthy recreations are the basic approaches to cope with mental stresses. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 39و40 v. 0 no. 1998 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_15096_fa9c5db06f170e17d91e69c8b5768b09.pdf دکتر عبدالحمید ابراهیمی author text article 1998 per Culture imposes a penetrating and changing effect on the national market media. The international marketing managers would have to recognize the cultural effects and prepare to respond to , or otherwise, change it. They would play an important and even directive role, in affecting cultured changes, throughout the world. This role is more evident in foods, but contains all industries, especially industrial products. The soap and detergent producers would change the washing ha bits; electronic industries, the amusements , and the cloth marking managers, the fashions. As far as the industrial products are concerned, culture affects the characteristics of goods and demands and especially the marketing and commercial approaches. The international marketing ll1anagers have learned to employ those who understand the domestic habits and trends. In the contemporary world, due to the nationalistic trends leading to national emotions, the commerce is challengeable and faces different rules and problems Jin the various countries. These should be included and covered in the educational programs soas to surmount the self reference criteria and incorporate case studies as an approach. This paper, hence, studies the fol1owing دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 39و40 v. 0 no. 1998 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_15097_2184ec35d6d7a0b01d04c243078b186d.pdf دکتر علی نقی مصلح شیرازی author ناهید جغتائی author text article 1998 per This article is based on recent research work conducted to compare the managerial motivations among management students with students of other fields at Shiraz University, pointing to the fact that management today is a demanding and increasing complexity of managerial role requirements and the managerial motivations of management students. According to the prevailing observations made by many authors, modern managers must possess some other skills and capabilites besides the ability to accomplish the routine administrative function. This research adopted the elements of the managerial motivations theory as being the skil1s and capabilites needed to run modern business organizations successfully. This article, then, addresses the question of suitability of the formal Iranian educationa1 courses in business management. To answer this question systematically, the MSCS-H scale is used to measure the managerial motivations of a random sample of students taken from various departments of Shiraz University. If such management courses are effective in enabling their graduates to assume managerial positions, then the management students should score much higher on MSCS scale than the students fnl111 other disciplines. In order to use the said scale in Iran, it was translated into Farsi and changed slightly to take into account the cultural differences. This was done carefully with expert help. The validity and reliability of the prepared scale was tested and found to be acceptable. The statistical analysis of the results showed, that. 1) the students of the fiedls whose course materials generally involve more practical activities are superior in managerial motivations to other students, 2) no significant differences were found in managerial motivations of the management students in , comparison with other students, 3) management students scored significantly higher only on two subscales, the routine administrative function and competitive situations - apparently because these two subjects are covered with further details throughout the management courses. It is concluded that the content of management courses and the current teaching methods should be subjected to a thorough revision, and changed accordingly. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 39و40 v. 0 no. 1998 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_15098_71c8b0215549ee0884d79a4daf5c43c1.pdf دکتر سیدرضا برقعی author text article 1998 per Whenever decision markers of executive organizations use the outcome of research in their decision making, they could playa better role in development of their society. To achieve this end, an effective communication between decision makers and research institutions must beesta. This article explains the concept of: research utilization, decision making and communication as well as comparing the process of communication with research utilization. It also deals with the factors, such as, h omogeneity and interpersonal confidence between decision makers and researchers, having an impact on the way of using research in decision making. Finally the article explains the relationship between the level of economic and social development, the way of socialization and cultural diferences of these two groups and the use of research in decisk1n making. Thus, an appropriate technology, proper organization, homogeneity of socialization in childhood, adolescence, and durning the occupational period, can have an impact on effective Communication. It also can decrease the cultural misunderstanding among decision makers and researchers. These factors, as a result, could be of great assistance to a better use of research in decision making. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 39و40 v. 0 no. 1998 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_15099_e589a480b9a707d656d9e81549fae8a8.pdf دکتر غلامحسین زمانی author مهندس شهرام مقدسی author text article 1998 per In the nineteenth century, the ever-extending demand for education introduced a new approach as "distance education". It has received continued developmental changes, and is known as an effective means of communication between a teacher and learners. Through distance education a learner can follow learning programs without requiring personal contact with or presence in a training center. This two-way communication system has three major component: 1- trainer, 2- institute (autonomous institution, or mixed institution), 3- instructional materials and aids (publications, electronic devices, human resources, ...) This paper presents the results of a study on the importance, concepts, characteristics, applications, and different parts of a distance education system, Finally, a new model of distance education appropriate for personnel training is suggested. دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 39و40 v. 0 no. 1998 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_15100_8371f712159e0f038b4624a2eb0e8bc0.pdf دکتر ایرج سلطانی author text article 1998 per The organizations that are responsible for the planning of the state higher education system notwithstanding their professional scope of performance, have not formulated a concrete strategy for long-term educational planning. This defect has resulted in an ambiguity in the education;'11 trend without a bright outlook and in a rather sketchy and adhoc treatment of educational planning or decision-making process. The total vacuity of 10ng-tenTI and strategic planning is quite evident and it is very unlikely to provide a clear picture of the higher educational system at present: and in future. In view of the need being significantly felt for this purpose, the research paper include:-; an investigation on the higher educational system which is presented in two parts: Firstly a conceptual framework for long-term educational planning which 100111S on the horizon for the year 1400 comprising criteria, perspectives, prerequisites and challenges. Secondly, an interactive fran1ework which introduces the nature and characteristics of designing and long-tern1 planning in the state higher educational system. These fran1eworks will provide great assistance for those who are in charge of long-tern1 policY-making for planning, designing and assessing higher educational programs. M. R. Mehregan, Ph.D. Editor دانشکده مدیریت دانشگاه تهران 39و40 v. 0 no. 1998 https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_15101_31898e5d97688a41813f36697bed726e.pdf