@article { author = {رهنورد, دکتر فرج ا...}, title = {-}, journal = {Management Knowledge(Not Publish)}, volume = {41و42}, number = {0}, pages = {-}, year = {1998}, publisher = {}, issn = {}, eissn = {}, doi = {}, abstract = {Participation is a multi- faceted concept. It has bee n conceptualized as a unitary concept but operational zed in a variety of ways. That is why people have different perceptions of participation. Those in favor of participation emphasize its benefits and consider p_1rticipation as a tool for solving many organizational problems. Those against, concentrate on the dysfuntion of participation and try to neglect its expected results. In spite of such arguments, There are theoretical reasons to believe that its effectiveness depends on a number of contextual factors. The results of recent meta- analysis of the ambiguous effects of participative decision-making on productivity and satisfaction have confirmed this claim and led to a possible conclusion: Participation works only under the same circumstances. As a result, the diversity of findings on the influence of participation has stimulated researchers to look for contingency-type variables in the relation between participation and expected outcomes. This article considers the pros and cons of participation and introduces situational participation as a third approach.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {طرفداران و مخالفان مدیریت مشارکتی}, abstract_fa = {مشارکت یک مفهوم چند چهره است و به همین دلیل پژوهشگران ممکن است ادراک متفاوتی از آن داشته باشند. گروهی با تکیه بر مزایا و منافع مشارکت ، آن را در حد افراطی خود راه حل بسیاری از مسایل سازمانی به حساب می آورند . در مقابل ، مخالفان مشارکت با بزرگنمایی معایب مشارکت، درصدد نفی کامل آن برآمده اند. نتایج تحقیقات نشان می دهد که مدیریت مشارکتی یک بهترین روش نیست، اثر بخشی آن تابعی است از شرایط محیطی و برآیند نیروهای بازدارنده و جلوبرنده کهموفقیت آن را رقم می زنند.}, keywords_fa = {}, url = {https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_15090.html}, eprint = {https://jmk.ut.ac.ir/article_15090_e9ac0e60a5a4e27af1fdf76630c77bc0.pdf} }