-

Looking back at the history of science, we realize that the progress of science evolves through discontinuous cycles of normal science and revlotionary changes rather than by the facts revealing themeselves to clever thinkers (an inductivist view) or by scientists attempting to falsify their own hypotheses in every experiment (a falsificationist view) with continuous and cumulative trends. The background of each scientific discipline wiLnesses certain era in which a worldview has been crystallized as normal and if such a worldview falls short of the desired efficacy to solve problems, it will encounter a crisis which will lead to a scientific revolution. Hence the history of science has witness a good number of revolutions where a "new way of seeing" has superseded "an old one", what tho mas Kuhn has called it paradigm shift. By way of definition, a paradigm is a way of seeing the world which is widely accepted in a certain era by
the majority of scholars in a scientific community.
In general, the paradigmatic thinking entails two nagative